Pharmacist-Led Interventions For Improving Adherence And Reducing Complications In Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence From Recent Literature

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and represents a growing public health challenge with substantial clinical and economic consequences. According to the International Diabetes Federation, more than 537 million adults are currently living with diabetes globally, and this number is projected to increase significantly over the coming decades. Diabetes is associated with a wide range of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, making it a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life worldwide (IDF, 2023).Medication adherence is a cornerstone of effective diabetes management; however, poor adherence remains highly prevalent among patients with diabetes. Evidence suggests that approximately 30–50% of patients do not take their antidiabetic medications as prescribed. Suboptimal adherence is strongly associated with poor glycemic control, elevated HbA1c levels, increased risk of acute and chronic complications, and higher rates of hospitalization. The American Diabetes Association emphasizes that improving adherence to pharmacotherapy is essential for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and preventing long-term complications in individuals with diabetes (ADA, 2024).