This study conducts a comparative analysis of the theoretical development of Soviet Marxism and Western Marxism, revealing the similarities and differences between the two regarding historical background, theoretical innovation, and practical application. Soviet Marxism developed rapidly in the early 20th century and became the core of Soviet ideology. Its theoretical development was influenced by the political system and emphasized collectivism and a state-led economic model. Western Marxism emerged in the mid-20th century and was mainly influenced by thinkers such as the Frankfurt School and Gramsci. It paid more attention to cultural criticism and ideological analysis, emphasizing individual subjectivity and social critical thinking. The study found that both inherited the basic principles of Marxism on a theoretical basis, but there were significant differences in specific applications and development directions. Soviet Marxism paid more attention to practice and political application, while Western Marxism tended to theoretical innovation and cultural criticism. The significance of the research is to promote the comprehensive understanding and sustainable development of Marxist philosophy and provide theoretical support for building a more just and sustainable society.