As an important part of the education system, physical education not only promotes the comprehensive development of individuals' physical, psychological, and social abilities but also plays a key role in social, cultural, economic, and sustainable development. This article explores the philosophical basis of physical education and social development and analyzes the impact of physical education on individual physical fitness, mental health, cognitive development, social adaptability, and personality shaping. Through physical education, culture can be inherited and innovated, diverse cultures can be integrated, and social values can be spread. Physical education plays a significant role in improving the quality of the workforce, promoting the development of the sports industry, promoting consumer market and economic growth, and increasing employment opportunities. Social changes, scientific and technological progress, policies and regulations, and cultural environment have had a profound impact on physical education and promoted its continuous transformation and development. With the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, the role and status of physical education are also constantly improving. Studying the philosophical relationship between physical education and social development not only helps to deepen the understanding of the nature and function of physical education but also helps to explore the paths and strategies of physical education in promoting social development.