This study explores the social impact of ethnic regional culture on economic fairness and resource distribution and reveals the important role of cultural factors in economic development. Through field surveys and data analysis, the study found that there is a significant correlation between cultural diversity and economic fairness. Regions with a strong sense of cultural identity can often achieve a reasonable allocation of resources and promote sustainable economic development. Cultural factors determine the quality of supply in the labor market by affecting social capital accumulation, shaping local governance structures, and affecting the inheritance of educational skills, thus profoundly impacting economic equity and resource distribution. The research adopts an interdisciplinary approach and combines cultural anthropology, economics and sociology theories to construct a new theoretical model, and reveals the specific influence path of cultural factors through multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Although the research has achieved certain results, sample selection and quantification of cultural factors still need to be improved. Future research should expand the geographical scope, improve quantitative methods, and strengthen policy impact analysis. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that cultural diversity be paid attention to in economic development, education and governance structures should be optimized, and cross-regional cooperation should be promoted to promote comprehensive economic development and social harmony and stability of ethnic minority areas.