This study explores the impact of identity construction and translation strategies in British and American literature on cultural transmission. By analyzing the manifestations and theoretical basis of identity construction in British and American literary works, the study reveals the diverse presentation of race, gender, class, culture and individual identity in literary works. The paper further analyzes cases of identity construction in classic literary works, and explores the role of translation strategies in cultural transmission, especially the different impacts of literal translation, free translation, domestication and foreignization strategies on the transmission of cultural information. Research points out that identity construction and reproduction in translation is a complex process, involving many aspects such as language style, cultural imagery, character dialogue, narrative perspective, and social background. Through case analysis, the paper evaluates the impact of translation strategies on cultural transmission effects, and proposes translation strategies to deal with cultural differences and culture-loaded words. The research results provide theoretical support for translation practice, emphasizing the balance between maintaining cultural characteristics and adapting to the target culture during the translation process to achieve the best cultural transmission effect.