This study explores the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western religious art by conducting an in-depth analysis of Dunhuang murals and Byzantine murals in terms of historical context, artistic style, and religious connotation. As a remarkable representative of Chinese Buddhist art, Dunhuang murals incorporate elements of diverse cultures, showcasing the spread and localisation of Buddhism in China. Byzantine murals, on the other hand, exemplify Christian art, reflecting the spread and development of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire, emphasising holiness and symbolism. The study finds that Dunhuang murals focus on the detailed depiction and dynamic expression of figures, while Byzantine murals stress the flatness of images and the symbolic meaning of colors. Despite their differences, both convey religious doctrines through murals and play significant roles in their respective cultures. Future research could further explore the interaction and influence of Chinese and Western religious art in the context of globalization, utilizing modern technological methods and interdisciplinary studies to reveal their rich connotations and historical value. Religious art is not only a visual expression of faith but also a testament to cultural exchange and fusion, possessing significant educational, enlightening, and protective value.