Cognitive Theory in International Relations: A Comparative Analysis of Neoclassical Realism and Constructivism
VOLUME 21, 2024
The Role of Targeted Infra-popliteal Endovascular Angioplasty to Treat Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using the Angiosome Model: A Systematic Review
VOLUME 6, 2023
Xiao Chang
School of Marxism, Wuxi University, Jiangsu 214105, China
School of Marxism, Wuxi University, Jiangsu 214105, China
Abstract
The cognitive perceptions of states toward foreign affairs influence the evolution of international relations. In theoretical studies of cognition within international relations, both neoclassical realism and constructivism provide in-depth analyses at the systemic and state levels. Neoclassical realism adopts a vertical dimension to delineate cognitive hierarchies, illustrating how inter-state perceptions are shaped by the international system and domestic factors, ultimately manifesting through policy behavior. Constructivism, conversely, employs a horizontal lens to emphasize the social dimensions of cognition, examining systemic structures at the international level, state-level social practices, and political processes, with a focus on identity formation and interactive practices. Cognitive theory not only explains foreign policy formulation but also predicts diplomatic behavior. A case study of Japan’s evolving perception of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) demonstrates how shifts in systemic culture and identity positioning transformed its stance from passive resistance to cautious engagement, reflected in adjustments to its foreign policy processes.
Keywords :
Neoclassical Realism; Constructivism; Cognitive Theory; Belt And Road Initiative.
Erin Saricilar
Lecture in accounting. University of Basrah, College of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting.
Lecture in accounting. University of Basrah, College of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting.
Abstract
Atherosclerotic disease significantly impacts patients with type 2 diabetes, who often present with recalcitrant peripheral ulcers. The angiosome model of the foot presents an opportunity to perform direct angiosome-targeted endovascular interventions to maximise both wound healing and limb salvage. A systematic review was performed, with 17 studies included in the final review. Below-the-knee endovascular interventions present significant technical challenges, with technical success depending on the length of lesion being treated and the number of angiosomes that require treatment. Wound healing was significantly improved with direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty, as was limb salvage, with a significant increase in survival without major amputation. Indirect angioplasty, where the intervention is applied to collateral vessels to the angiosomes, yielded similar results to direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty. Applying the angiosome model of the foot in direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty improves outcomes for patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers in terms of primary wound healing, mean time for complete wound healing and major amputation-free survival.
Keywords :
Diabetic foot ulcer, angiosome, angioplasty