The aim of this study was to synthesise teachings from the Quran and the Prophetic traditions to formulate a cohesive framework for human flourishing, with particular attention to health as an aspect of moral excellence (ihsan) and the expression of Islam’s universal principles, including the sanctity of life, moderation, and compassion. The analysis encompassed an extensive range of scriptural material relating to health, hygiene, nutrition, moderation, environmental stewardship, and infection control. A deductive, thematic approach was employed to organise the findings into domains of prevention and treatment, evaluating their practical implications. The review revealed that Islamic guidance advocates a comprehensive framework to protect life through principles such as avoidance of harm, quarantine during epidemics, ritual and personal hygiene, lawful consumption without excess, sexual ethics, and environmental sanitation, while also encouraging engagement with competent medical care alongside spiritual practices such as ruqyah and supplication. These premodern instructions align with contemporary public health and bioethical objectives by integrating faith, scientific understanding, and responsibility to oneself and society; adherence to these practices was found to enhance individual resilience, foster social cohesion, and reduce disease risk. The study proposed that incorporating faith-based health directives could substantially improve adherence to preventive and therapeutic measures, particularly when promoted through educational channels and community institutions. It was recommended to implement a unified approach by embedding Islamic health principles within school curricula and mosque-led programmes to normalise preventive behaviours and support evidence-based healthcare practices.