The Spiritual Substitute: «Bata» and the Efficiency of Exchange inPost-Soviet Kyrgyzstan
VOLUME 22, 2025
The Role of Targeted Infra-popliteal Endovascular Angioplasty to Treat Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using the Angiosome Model: A Systematic Review
VOLUME 6, 2023
Gulzhan Alymkulova, Tolgonay Eralieva, Ainura Ergeshova, Syuta Sourbaeva, Ruslan Mashrapov, Kairygul Orozbai Kyzy, Baktybek İsakov
Abstract
This article re-examines the Kyrgyz customary practice of Bata (blessing/commitment) not merely as a cultural rite, but as a robust and unique Sacred-Institutional Guarantee Mechanism with significant economic implications. Drawing upon institutional economics and anthropological data concerning practices like Bata Ayak (ritualized betrothal gifts) and the high social cost of Bata Buuzuu (breaking the commitment), the study argues that Bata effectively reduces transaction costs in social and economic exchanges. By setting a profound moral and spiritual penalty for commitment failure, this practice substitutes the need for expensive formal legal oversight. Bata mobilizes a crucial resource—Intertemporal Social Capital—by projecting trust and accountability far into the future (e. g. , programming a child’s fate), thereby strengthening the reliability of current agreements and fostering communal wealth accumulation ("бата менен эл көгөрөт"). This mechanism offers a vital lens for understanding how non-state, moral institutions underpin economic stability and enhance relational trust in post-Soviet transitional democracies.
Keywords :
Bata, Institutional Economics, Transaction Costs, Social Capital, Trust, Sacred Guarantee, Kyrgyzstan..
Erin Saricilar
Lecture in accounting. University of Basrah, College of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting.
Lecture in accounting. University of Basrah, College of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting.
Abstract
Atherosclerotic disease significantly impacts patients with type 2 diabetes, who often present with recalcitrant peripheral ulcers. The angiosome model of the foot presents an opportunity to perform direct angiosome-targeted endovascular interventions to maximise both wound healing and limb salvage. A systematic review was performed, with 17 studies included in the final review. Below-the-knee endovascular interventions present significant technical challenges, with technical success depending on the length of lesion being treated and the number of angiosomes that require treatment. Wound healing was significantly improved with direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty, as was limb salvage, with a significant increase in survival without major amputation. Indirect angioplasty, where the intervention is applied to collateral vessels to the angiosomes, yielded similar results to direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty. Applying the angiosome model of the foot in direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty improves outcomes for patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers in terms of primary wound healing, mean time for complete wound healing and major amputation-free survival.
Keywords :
Diabetic foot ulcer, angiosome, angioplasty