Medication management and patient safety have emerged as critical public health priorities in contemporary society, reflecting the growing complexity of healthcare systems and the increasing burden of medication-related harm. This study explores medication management through a public health lens, focusing on the complementary perspectives of nursing and pharmacy as key contributors to patient safety and health system performance. Drawing on international frameworks, policy-oriented literature, and evidence from interprofessional practice, the study highlights how collaborative nursing–pharmacy roles reduce medication errors, enhance patient safety, and support effective healthcare delivery. The analysis demonstrates that medication safety is not solely a clinical responsibility but a systemic and societal issue shaped by organizational culture, professional collaboration, and health governance. Integrating nursing and pharmacy perspectives strengthens safety culture, improves medication use processes, and aligns healthcare practice with global public health objectives. The study concludes that interprofessional collaboration between nursing and pharmacy represents a public health imperative essential to advancing patient safety and building resilient, sustainable healthcare systems.