Cultura

STATISTICAL Modeling Of Cyber Risks In Sustainable Urban Infrastructures: An Environmental Multivariate Approach

VOLUME 22, 2025

The Role of Targeted Infra-popliteal Endovascular Angioplasty to Treat Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using the Angiosome Model: A Systematic Review

VOLUME 6, 2023

Fermín Carreño Meléndez
Luis Carlos Bravo Melo
Juvitsa Plaza- Santillan
María Fernanda Rivera Castillo

Abstract

The transformation towards sustainable urban infrastructures (smart grids, connected mobility, digital water management and energy-efficient buildings) increases the attack surface and amplifies the propagation of failures due to cyber-physical interdependencies. This paper proposes a multivariate statistical modeling approach to quantify cyber risk by incorporating environmental variables (extreme temperature, heavy precipitation, coastal flooding, air quality) as modulators of vulnerability, exposure, and impact severity. The proposal integrates (I) a probabilistic layer for causal and temporal dependencies using dynamic Bayesian networks, (II) a classification and calibration layer with logistic regression to estimate probability of loss events, and (III) a Monte Carlo simulation module to estimate loss distributions and operational metrics (e.g., interruption time). An illustrative case with typical smart city variables is presented and expected results are discussed in terms of increased probability of incidents during extreme environmental events, consistent with evidence on risks in interdependent critical infrastructure. The approach contributes to investment and resilience decisions, aligned with contemporary cyber risk management frameworks.

Keywords : Cyber risk; critical infrastructure; smart cities; Bayesian networks; multivariate modeling; environmental variables; urban resilience; Monte Carlo simulation..
Erin Saricilar
Lecture in accounting. University of Basrah, College of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting.

Abstract

Atherosclerotic disease significantly impacts patients with type 2 diabetes, who often present with recalcitrant peripheral ulcers. The angiosome model of the foot presents an opportunity to perform direct angiosome-targeted endovascular interventions to maximise both wound healing and limb salvage. A systematic review was performed, with 17 studies included in the final review. Below-the-knee endovascular interventions present significant technical challenges, with technical success depending on the length of lesion being treated and the number of angiosomes that require treatment. Wound healing was significantly improved with direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty, as was limb salvage, with a significant increase in survival without major amputation. Indirect angioplasty, where the intervention is applied to collateral vessels to the angiosomes, yielded similar results to direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty. Applying the angiosome model of the foot in direct angiosome-targeted angioplasty improves outcomes for patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers in terms of primary wound healing, mean time for complete wound healing and major amputation-free survival.
Keywords : Diabetic foot ulcer, angiosome, angioplasty