Modern healthcare systems face increasing complexity due to rising patient acuity, chronic disease burden, and rapid technological advancement. Traditional silo-based models of care are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of quality, safety, and efficiency in healthcare delivery. This comprehensive review aims to reconceptualize healthcare delivery through the lens of multidisciplinary integration, examining how coordinated collaboration among clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and supportive medical departments influences patient care and system performance. Drawing on evidence from international literature published between 2016 and 2025, the review synthesizes findings on multidisciplinary practice across key domains, including patient safety, clinical outcomes, operational efficiency, and patient experience. The analysis highlights that effective integration—supported by organizational governance, workforce readiness, and digital health enablers—reduces medical errors, enhances clinical decision-making, and improves continuity of care across the care continuum. Based on the synthesized evidence, a comprehensive conceptual framework is proposed to illustrate the relationships between multidisciplinary structures, integration mechanisms, care processes, and outcomes. This review contributes to the growing body of health systems research by offering an integrative perspective that can guide healthcare leaders, policymakers, and researchers in designing and implementing more resilient, patient-centered, and high-performing healthcare delivery models.