This study presents a qualitative theoretical examination of integration within modern healthcare systems by developing a comprehensive conceptual framework that links anesthesia technology, health information management, nursing technical roles, and patient services. The research was undertaken in response to persistent fragmentation observed in contemporary healthcare environments, where advanced clinical technologies, information systems, and professional roles often operate in parallel rather than in coordination. Through systematic theoretical engagement with peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025, the study synthesized conceptual evidence to identify patterns, relationships, and underlying causes influencing integration.

The results indicate that integration challenges are primarily driven by socio-technical factors rather than technological limitations alone. These factors include unclear role boundaries, insufficient interoperability between information systems, and misalignment between clinical technologies and professional practices. The findings further reveal that nursing informatics and health information management play a central mediating role, acting as connective mechanisms that enable information continuity, interprofessional coordination, and patient-centered service delivery. Anesthesia technology, while highly advanced, was found to depend heavily on these mediating structures to function effectively within integrated care pathways. Patient services emerged as the domain most affected by fragmentation, highlighting the direct impact of integration failures on care continuity and patient experience.

As a result, the study proposes a qualitative theoretical framework that conceptualizes integration as a dynamic, multi-layered socio-technical process rather than a linear or purely technical endeavor. By explaining not only what integration entails but also why fragmentation persists, the framework offers a theoretically grounded foundation for future empirical research, policy formulation, and educational development. Overall, the study contributes to advancing theoretical understanding of integrated healthcare systems and underscores the necessity of aligning technology, information, professional roles, and patient services within a coherent conceptual structure.