Healthcare systems increasingly face complex patient needs that require coordinated efforts across multiple medical and allied health disciplines. Fragmentation between departments has been consistently associated with delayed decision-making, medical errors, and suboptimal patient outcomes. This comprehensive review examines how multidisciplinary healthcare integration across medical departments contributes to improved clinical outcomes, patient safety, and care quality. A structured review of recent literature was conducted using major biomedical databases, focusing on studies published between 2016 and 2025 that addressed interprofessional collaboration and integrated care models across clinical, diagnostic, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health services. The findings demonstrate that effective multidisciplinary integration enhances diagnostic accuracy, reduces medication errors, shortens hospital length of stay, lowers readmission rates, and improves patient satisfaction. Organizational support structures, workforce competencies, and digital health enablers—such as interoperable electronic health records and clinical decision-support systems—emerged as critical factors facilitating successful integration. Despite demonstrated benefits, persistent barriers including siloed workflows, communication gaps, and limited interprofessional training remain. This review highlights the necessity of system-level strategies to strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration and provides an integrated framework to support healthcare leaders and policymakers in advancing patient-centered, outcome-driven care delivery.