Music aesthetics is a fundamental theoretical discipline with the goal of studying the basic laws of music art, with a special focus on exploring the uniqueness of music art and the beauty and beauty contained in music. Although music aesthetics belongs to the category of humanities and social sciences, it, like other humanities and social sciences, is constantly developing in different eras and changes in national social life. It should be clarified that the understanding achieved in the field of music aesthetics is only relative and temporary. Therefore, any era or individual's thoughts and research on music aesthetics cannot become the ultimate and eternal truth, but must be realized through continuous inheritance and expansion of past achievements. In the context of modern hermeneutics, the exploration of music aesthetics in China and the West has multiple meanings and contributions. These explorations promote cultural exchange and dialogue, trigger thinking and critical perspectives, promote interdisciplinary research and creation, shape individual identity and cultural identity, and promote the development of music education and popularization. This article conducts a preliminary exploration of hermeneutics, Chinese and Western music, and the aesthetic differences between Chinese and Western music. Firstly, it explores the relevant theories of hermeneutics, secondly, it explores the content of music aesthetics and the differences between Chinese and Western music, and finally, it explores what the aesthetic of Chinese and Western music is in the context of modern hermeneutics. By exploring the aesthetics of Chinese and Western music in the context of modern hermeneutics, communication and dialogue between different cultures can be promoted. This dialogue can help us better understand the differences and similarities between Chinese and Western music, and promote mutual respect, understanding, and tolerance between cultures. And by comparing and studying the aesthetics of Chinese and Western music, we can broaden our research and practice in the field of music, and gain a broader aesthetic experience and cultural cognition.