The reign of Elizabeth I was a dynamic and transformative period in the history of English literature. This paper first combs through the theoretical foundations of archaeology and literary works, the ability of archaeology to corroborate English history, and the major archaeological discoveries of Elizabeth I's reign. Corresponding literary works are collected to analyze power and expression in English literature, using the works of Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and other famous English literary figures as examples. Then archaeologically examine the economic and political background of England under the reign of Elizabeth I and analyze the influence of King Elizabeth in the development of English literature. Literature is a summary and generalization of social history, and by interpreting the change of women's political status in history, the expression of political image, and the feminist perspective in works, we use the archaeological interpretation of history and literature to comprehensively examine the society and culture of England in this period. Thematic word matching method is able to accurately match the archaeological data with the literary works, with a matching rate as high as 93%. It proves that the proposed research method can be applied to all directions of archaeological research, as well as a more comprehensive interpretation of the content of literary works.