This study examines the challenges and strategies in protecting and inheriting traditional music as intangible cultural heritage in the context of globalization and modernization. It explores international frameworks, particularly the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and their implementation in various cultural contexts. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining literature review, policy analysis, and a case study of traditional music protection in Yunnan province, China. Findings reveal that successful preservation strategies often integrate documentation, education, community engagement, and innovative adaptation. The study highlights the critical role of digital technologies in archiving and dissemination, and the importance of incorporating traditional music into formal education systems. Challenges identified include balancing authenticity with innovation, sustaining public engagement, and navigating the complexities of commercialization. The case study of Yunnan demonstrates the effectiveness of a holistic, community-centered approach, while also revealing persistent challenges in ensuring long-term sustainability of traditional music practices. The research concludes that effective protection and inheritance of traditional music requires adaptive strategies that view cultural heritage as a living, evolving expression. It emphasizes the need for context-sensitive approaches that balance preservation with innovation, ensuring traditional music remains vibrant in contemporary cultural landscapes.